Concepts of similarity and complementarity in romantic relationships

Concepts of similarity and complementarity in romantic relationships Once upon a time, John met Jenny. They fell in love. They married, had children and presumably will live happily ever after. This is a common love story, and leads us to wonder why people become attracted to each other. Is it because they are similar? Research (Byrne, 1971) has shown that people are attracted to those immediately similar to them and this could lead to marriage. However, arguments for complementarity contend that opposites do indeed attract, and this attraction would also lead to long-term relationship and marriage. Such views are further reinforced by research like that of Shiota and Levenson (2007), which suggest that complementary couples are more satisfied in the long run. Thus, this essay seeks to evaluate the concepts of similarity and complementarity, analysing the relevant researches in the context of a romantic heterosexual relationship. Whilst there are many theories given on the process of mate selection, of particular interest is the recent emergence of the popular notion that opposites attract. However, this idea is open to interpretation, because it is expected that if a couple is not alike, they would tend to have more conflict, which will reduce the quality of their relationship (Pieternel Dick, 2008). Felmlee (2001) has shown that relationships developed from attraction based on complementarity often end prematurely. Nonetheless, there is also evidence supporting the complementary need theory (Winch, 1954), contending that for attraction and therefore a happy marriage, there must be potential gratification of needs for both John and Jenny. An example of such need-gratification is when younger females tend to be more attracted to older males who are financially stable (Eagly Wood, 1999, as cited in Pieternel Dick, 2008). Nevertheless, there has not been enough support in recent findings for Winchs hypothesi s, and reasons for this will be discussed. Conversely, the contrasting thought to the concept of complementarity is the established theory of similarity; simply put, that birds of a feather flock together. According to Hill, Rubin and Peplau (1976), there is a tendency for people who are similar in physical attractiveness, religion, education, age, and even height to be attracted to each other. However, there has been suggested that such tendencies may not exist, due to invalid testing procedures. This thought is suggested by research showing only small degrees of similarity between spouses personality in marriage (Eysenck, 1990), and in some reported studies (Antill, 1983; Peterson et al., 1989) no degree of similarity was observed, because couples are paired on a random basis. The theory of similaritys influence on ones attraction therefore needs examination in its methodological aspects and will be treated accordingly in this essay. Examination of Similarity and its theory in Romantic Relationships Summary of Similarity and its theory Similarity, the more accepted theory, suggests that we will be more romantically attracted to people who are similar to us in aspects like physical attractiveness, intelligence, socio-economic background, and overall attitude towards life. According to Byrne (1971), this can be explained through the theories of classical conditioning, and in particular, the idea of positive reinforcement. In a relationship consisting of two like-minded individuals, sharing the same viewpoint allows them to feel that their opinions are validated, and thereby their own confidence increases, enhancing the relationship. However, there is a distinction between the perceived and actual similarity. Many have argued that actual similarity is not as important as perceived similarity. A suggestion for this is that the individual experiences the positive reinforcement; regardless of them believing that the similarity is there even though it is not (Montoya, Horton Kirchner, 2008). However, a possible flaw in this is that if only one partner experiences such feeling of similarity whilst the other does not, then the attraction may not exist. Nonetheless, there is also contradicting evidence of people whose actual similarity is low, but are still highly attracted to another, which support the idea of complementarity (Winch et al., 1954). This is important, as it reminds us that similarity is only a positive correlate to the process of attraction, and is not the absolute factor that determines the formation of a romantic relationship. Methodological Concerns in Measuring the Effects of Similarity in the Formation of Attraction It has been shown in various recent researches post-dating Byrnes studies on attraction that whilst similarity exists in the formation of attraction, mate selection still operates on a random basis (Antill, 1983; Peterson et al., 1989); or at most, according to Eysenck (1990), the presence of similarity is only lightly significant. The reason for this can be attributed to the methodologies use to measure the effects of attraction. Such is the claim by the meta-analysis conducted by Montoya, Horton and Kirchner (2008), where they concluded that whilst similarity does lead to attraction, this occur mainly in a laboratory setting and not in existing relationships. This criticism is the product made by the use of the bogus stranger, which resulted in artificial responses and lack of ecological validity. The method originates from Byrnes studies in which given a set of characteristics similar to their own, the participants are asked if they will be attracted to an absent imaginary person unknown to them (Byrne, Clore Smeaton, 1986). This involves no interaction between the participant and the stranger, as well as requiring the assistance of a third person called a confederate, a trained interviewer. While the technique has been heavily criticised, its focus on attraction is clear-cut and minimises other external factors that could influence how much the stranger can be perceived as attractive to the participants. Other advantages to this method are that it is inexpensive and not very time consuming, and thus is viewed as more open for a wider pool of participants. Another technique is one that involves little to some interaction between the participants and the confederate or fellow participant in the context of a dyad relation. This can last from a few minutes to several hours. However, there have been some contradicting evidences (Dryer Horowitz, 1997) produced through the use of this method, which some has criticised because the nature of the exchange that involves mainly shallow and polite niceties. A final method that has been in favour recently is the use of couples in an existing relationship. Whilst this is a strong method in that it examines the attraction that then result in a real relationship, its weakness is the sample is often small because of its exhaustive nature, expensive and time consuming. (Montoya, Horton Kirchner, 2008). Summary of Birds of a Feather Dont Always Fly Farthest (Shiota Levenson, 2007) Given these concerns, it is interesting to see that the study of Shiota and Levenson (2007) proposes the alternative for the concept of similarity in the context of marital satisfaction as opposed to attraction. It is a longitudinal study that examines the effects of high level of similarity in the Big Five Personality on marriage satisfaction, which predicts the possible outcome in terms of a linear trajectory that is then supported by the negative correlates or negative result. The authors discuss the significance of this result in terms of different stages of marriage life, which contain different roles and responsibilities that will affect their satisfaction of marriage. For example, the first stage is explained as the newlyweds who still try to please their partner and therefore, their similar personalities will then be important for their daily social interactions. However, later in their mid-marriage life, when their passion has waned off, this will result in conflicts on issu es like child rearing rather than agreement because spouses competing with each other in similar performance domains and clashing when attempting to complete the same task (Shiota Levenson, 2007, p. 672). In addition, the authors also provide a quick overview of some of the weaknesses in past studies. An example of this is the lack of distinction in examining the similarity of husband and wifes personalities as opposed to how an individuals personality might affect the marital satisfaction. Another is when past studies have chosen to only examine similarity in existing relationship in a cross-sectional view. The author improved the studys method by conducting a long term study but at the same time, also provide a linear trajectory that can be used to predict further development from the given twelve years study. Some limitations that have been self-identified by the authors include the cultural and generational effects that were resulted from the voluntary nature of the samples selection and also for the convenience of the research. More importantly, in their discussion, Shiota and Levenson (2007) have also explicitly referred to how complementary couples in terms of the Big Five personality may perhaps achieve higher level of marriage satisfaction. Their research also investigated on older couples who have been married for at least thirty-five years and again, this show the decline in marriage satisfaction that occurs over time in couple who share a high level of similarity. However, as stated by the authors, this may not be true for other social domains of personality such as the dominant/deferent trait that was tested in Winchs studies on complementarity. Nonetheless, the study provides the stepping-stone on the investigation of the concept of complementarity that will be discussed as followed. Examination of Complementarity and its theory in Romantic Relationships Defining complementarity In this essay, complementarity can be understood as people who are different in their personality liking one another because they would fill in the gaps present in one anothers life. Formal definition for this term is borrowed from Winchs definition of need-complementarity in which an individual will be attracted to that person who gives the greatest promise of providing him or her with maximum need gratification (Winch et al., 1954, p. 242). Other terms used are complementary, an adjective used to describe how compatible two partners are even when they are different; and complementariness, a noun that is used by Winch to refer to the degree in which two people can complement. Winchs Study and Theory of Complementary Needs in Mate-Selection Winch, Ktsanes and Ktsanes (1954) made a proposition, the theory of complementary needs in mate-selection that supports the idea of opposites attract. This is made after Winch has conducted a study that involves twenty-five, 19 to 26 years old, white, middle-class, childless married couples who had been married for less than two years, and in which at least one member of each couple was an undergraduate student (Winch et al., p. 245). He uses triangulation to investigate his supported hypothesis, which is people marry based on their complementary needs. The different methods that Winch has used within triangulation include a need-interview, which is to identify the type of need pairs present; a case history interview of participants, and TAT, an eight-card thematic apperception test (Winch et al., p. 244). However, there are possible limitations within Winchs method namely the choice of participants where they are clearly culturally biased towards the developed, Western views and the generational effects of participants involved. Winchs theory requires that one of two conditions; either Type II or I must be met for complementarity between partners to exist. Type I is the difference in intensity, where one partner will be highly expressive in a certain need-pattern but the other partner will be very low in expressing the same pattern. For instance, a person who needs to be dominant in their relationship will complement with someone who have a very small amount of this need. Conversely, Type II is the difference in kind of the interactions between two individuals where both partners will be highly expressive but their needs are opposite to each other. An example is a person whose need to be dominant complements with a person who has the need to be deferent. It is important that there are two types of complementary needs because in the case of abasement as one of the need pair, there are situations where both abasement-autonomy and abasement-hostility exist, which gives a different continuum that cannot be expla ined sufficiently by Type I. (Winch et al., 1954) Evaluation of Winchs Need Complementarity One of the weaknesses in Winchs study (Winch et al., 1954) is the lack of evidence in which there has not been enough proof to support his theory despite numerous attempts being made (Bowerman Day, 1956; Schellenberg Bee, 1960). However, Levinger (1964) attempts to justify these discrepancies by explaining that there are different needs for different level of relationship as identified by Winch when he postulates his theory, i.e. a married couples needs to complement differ from two friends needs to complement. Therefore, since most replicated studies uses the Edwards Personal Preference Schedule (Edwards, 1953, as cited in Levinger, 1964), which is aimed for a general peer relations to test for the validity of Winchs theory of need-complementarity for married couples, the results are therefore considered to be inconclusive in regards to Winchs theory. Furthermore, Winchs theory has also been criticised for insufficient explanation on the two types of complementarity. According to Levinger (1964), given the example of a hypothetical man who is average in both intensity and kind in his needs, it would not be possible for him to meet a complementary partner because both the conditions stated for Type I and Type II required a person to be on either end of the spectrum in the intensity of the personality traits. However, Levinger offers a solution to this problem by suggesting that if both partners express the same behaviour in equal amount and has the need for it in moderation then they would complement as well as be similar to each other. Nevertheless, Levingers seemingly logical explanation of his suggestion is questionable because he based his assumption yet on another hypothetical example, which is like using X to prove X. Levinger assumes that if there is a given situation where both partners express the same need in moderate qua ntity and it has also been shown that they complement with each others need, then they are showing complementarity. Nonetheless, Levinger acknowledges the loose footing of his hypothesis and suggest that it should be tested for empirical evidence. Another weakness in Winch et al. (1954)s theory that has also been stated by Levinger (1964) is that Winch does not give clear guidelines to determine how a need would complement or be similar to another. Rather, Winch only gives examples of need-complementary pairs such as dominance-deference and nurturance-succorance. This lack of clarification may question the validity of the theory because it would be difficult to replicate the study using different complementary-need pairs such as practicality-impracticality, which can be a possible need pair. Nonetheless, this problem of deciding the criteria for which characteristic complements another, as offered by Levinger can be inferred by Schutzs theory of need compatibility (Schutz, 1958, as cited in Levinger, 1964). Even though it is limited to only Type I in Winchs theory but it provides the basis for complementarity where, for two people, person A and B, to complement one another in a relationship, person A should express the same am ount of specific need that person B wants to receive and vice versa. Nonetheless, Edwards (1953, as cited in Levinger, 1964) points out that Schutzs method would be difficult to test in married couples because it was intended to be used for testing general peer relations like friendship. Alternatively, we can also use the various circumflex models for interpersonal behaviour (Kiesler, 1982; Wiggins, 1982, as cited in Orford, 1986) to determine the possible complementary need pairs. However, similar to the criticism of Schutzs way, these models were composed for the purpose of non-romantic relationships such as friendship and family interactions rather than the romantically-natured relationship between married couples, which might demand a different kind of structuring in Kieslers Interpersonal Circle. Empirical Research on the Complementarity Hypothesis Perhaps the main weakness in conducting researches to support the complementarity hypothesis in married couples is that there is the lack of clear criteria to determine what is considered as complementarity or more specific to Winchs (1954) study, the conditions required to form the complementary need pairs. This is important because complementarity is often simplified down to the loosely used phrase of opposites attract for ease when explaining to the general population. This is troublesome because there is no clear definition of what is considered as opposites or how can a certain thing attracts another thing. For example, it is assumed that the general population of men are attracted to the opposite gender, which is women, demonstrating the complementariness. However, how can we explain the similar attraction between men and men, also known as homosexuality? This is where the definition of complementarity can be misleading and ambiguous. If this is taken back to the studies conduc ted to find support for the complementarity hypothesis, we can see that this confusion on what complements and what does not in a romantic relationship reflected in the methods of various studies, in particular the one followed below. Review of Complementarity in marital relationships (Saint, 1994) A somewhat recent study conducted by Saint (1994) aims to seek support for the theory of complementarity as a factor in mate selection for marriage. Using a questionnaire that contains nine statements, which the participants have to choose on a scale of nine from strongly disagree to strongly agree, Saint surveys twenty-eight couples who have been married for an average of twenty years. According to Saint, the mean age in the study for men are forty-seven years old and for women, it is forty-two years old and they are located in Oxford, England. Saint has concluded that result does not have enough support for the complementarity hypothesis. There are many weaknesses in the method that Saint (1994) uses to source participants. By using the method of door-to-door solicitation, there is an implication that the participants are concentrated in local area since it is unlikely that the researchers will travel long distance to recruit participants. This assumption is supported when Saint states the geographical demographics of participants are suburbs of Oxford and nearby village. This small and narrow geographical population sampling can suggest a high degree of cultural bias in which there is a tendency to focus on the western individualistic views and also, questions on whether the results and the conclusion drawn can be used for the general population. However, Saint clarifies this doubt by concluding that this study is a good indicator for complementaritys little impact on the Westerns selection of marriage. Thus, this gives the study its strength but still, it should be maintained that modern society are slowly changing and integrating both the Western and Eastern views (Zhuang, 2004). Therefore, the study cannot be used exclusively to explain that complementarity is not very influential in ones selection for marriage, regardless whether it is from an Eastern or Westerns viewpoint. An example is interracial marriage (Lewis, Yancey Bletzer, 1998), which would be possible fifty years ago but now is a common occurrence in our society. Saint (1994) comments on the weak support of his study for the complementarity hypothesis, which can be reflected back to the design of questionnaire. To some extent, it is a forced response despite the varying scale of agreeableness to a statement. Even if this assumption is wrong and that participants do not feel restricted in their response, the scale of nine levels is still a weakness in Saints method. This is because given such a range for different responses; there is only a small sample of twenty-eight couples. More importantly, there is also the scarcity in the numbers of statements that can be used ascertain the reliability of answers and given the big range of at least eighteen different responses between couples, the only logical conclusion would be that the results would be statistically insignificant. When summarising the results, Saint gave three statements that result in a significant negative correlation, which indicates the presence complementarity. They are when socialising I seek a high level of eye contact, using public transport is a stressful experience, and when socialising I will raise the level of my voice to make myself heard. Saint indicated earlier in his abstract in that he aims to investigate complementarity within the social domain of social dominance, social confidence and communication initiation. Whilst there are presence of these elements embedded in each statement but the relevance to married couple is not substantial, i.e. anyone can do the questionnaire whether with their friends or family members, and the chance to obtain a negative correlation is still probable. This indicates that these statements are not valid for testing and therefore, questions Saints conclusion that complementarity have little influence on mate selection for marriage. Yet, we must not forget the strengths in the design of Saints (1994) study. One such strength is how individuals (husband and wife) have to work independently to complete the questionnaire. This increases the confidentiality of the answers because there are less comparisons and attempts to modify ones answer, which engenders more honest responses obtained from participants and reliable information. Furthermore, questionnaires are economical when compared to other types of measurements like interview, easy to control and is replicable to confirm the findings. Thus, if this study is to be repeated, improvements could be made on the sample size and demographics. Moreover, changing the nature of the statements and increasing the number of statements to increase the reliability of the response could also help in seeking support for certain trends in participants answers. Hence, from the studies of Winch (1954) though not so much of Saint (1994), it can be said that complementarity do exist in married couples. However, further investigations need to be made to confirm the claim that complementarity increases marital satisfaction over time. Conclusion It has been implicitly suggested throughout the essay that attraction is linked with similarity and couples have higher marital satisfaction when they have complementary needs. However, there is no definite conclusion that this is the case. Criticisms of Winchs theory demonstrate the uncertainty and lack of clarification in certain aspects of his concept of need-complementarity. An example of this is the undefined need pairs such as dominance/deference, which later affects later studies like that of Saint (1994). However, in his evaluation of Winchs concept, Levinger (1964) also explain that the replicated studies that did not support Winchs theory is not conclusive either because the method used is more suitable for testing non-romantic dyadic relationship. Likewise, the concept of similarity leading onto attraction may seem obvious and indeed there are numerous studies to support this hypothesis. However, the majority of them use the method of a bogus stranger to determine the effects of attraction. In addition, the use of partners in existing relationships was not common because of limited time and resource. This lead to the conclusion in that perhaps similarity leading to attraction is only valid in laboratory environment and not real life situations. In both cases, the main problem that prevents proper investigation of the issue lies in both the methodological and theoretical aspect of the studies. A possible suggestion for improvements could be to have longitudinal researches instead of cross-sectional that involve couples in existing relationships. This is the biggest obstacle for researchers because of limited budget and time. Another is to increase the sample size theoretically by doing a meta-analysis of all the studies conducted over the years. In addition, more accurate and fitting instrument could also be developed to measure the degree of similarity or complementarity such as a revised version of Edwards Preference Schedule that is targeting romantic relationship and not general peer relationships. Reference Books Byrne, D. (1971). The attraction paradigm. New York: Academic Press. Journal Articles Antill, J. K. (1983). Sex role complementarity versus similarity in married couples. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 45, 145-155. Aube, J., Koestner, R. (1995). Gender Characteristics and Relationship Adjustment: Another Look at Similarity-Complementarity Hypotheses. Journal of Personality , 63, 879-904. Bowerman, C. E., Day, B. R. (1956). A Test of the Theory of Complementary Needs As Applied to Couples During Courtship. American Sociological Review , 21, 602-605. Byrne, D., Clore, L. G., Smeaton, G. (1986). The Attraction Hypothesis: Do Similar Attitudes Affect Anything? Journal of Pereonalily and Social Psychology , 51, 1167-1170. Dijkstra, P., Barelds, D. P. (2008). Do People Know What They Want: A Similar or Complementary Partner? Evolutionary Psychology , 6, 595-602. Dryer, C. D., Horowitz, L. M. (1997). When Do Opposites Attract? Interpersonal Complementarity Versus Similarity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 72, 592-603. Felmlee, D. H. (2001). From appealing to appalling: Disenchantment with a romantic partner. Sociological Perspectives , 44, 263-280. Hill, C. T., Rubin, A., Peplau, L. A. (1976). Breakups before marriage: The end of 103 affairs. Journal of Social Issues , 32, 147-168. Kiesler, D. J. (1983). The 1982 Interpersonal Circle: A Taxonomy for Complementarity in Human Transactions . Psychological Review , 90, 185-214. Levinger, G. (1964). Note on Need Complementarity in Marriage. Psychological Bulletin , 61, 153-157. Lewis, J. R., Yancey, G. (1997). Racial and Nonracial Factors That Influence Spouse Choice in Black/White Marriages . Journal of Black Studies , 28, 60-78. Montoya, M. R., Horton, R. S., Kirchner, J. (2008). perceived similarity Is actual similarity necessary for attraction? A meta-analysis of actual and perceived similarity. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships , 25, 889-922. Orford, J. (1986). The Rules of Interpersonal Complementarity: Does Hostility Beget Hostility and Dominance, Submission? Psychological Review , 93, 365-377. Saint, D. J. (1994). Complementarity in marital relationships. The Journal of Social Psychology , 134, 701-703. Schellenberg, J. A., Bee, L. S. (1960). A Re-Examination of the Theory of Complementary Needs in Mate Selection. Marriage and Family Living , 22, 227-232 . Shiota, M. N., Levenson, R. W. (2007). Birds of a Feather Dont Always Fly Farthest: Similarity in Big Five Personality Predicts More Negative Marital Satisfaction Trajectories in Long-Term Marriages. Psychology and Aging , 22, 666-675. Winch, R. F., Ktsanes, T., Ktsanes, V. (1954). The Theory of Complementary Needs in Mate-Selection: An Analytic and Descriptive Study. American Sociological Review , 19, 241-249. Zhuang, X. (2004). We or I? Collectivism-Individualism in Chinese and American Values. Sociology. University of Victoria.

Nanny 911 Discussion

Discussion No. 3- Nanny 911 This clip of Nanny 911 was about a family who had two young boys. The mother and father were having trouble controlling their son’s behavior, one with his high energy and teasing, and the other with sleeping issues. The family was evaluated by the nanny and she brought many issues to light. Some of the offenses dealt with in this episode were the father wrestling with his sons, the oldest son, Ryan, pushing his mothers buttons all day long, and the youngest son not going to bed in his own bed at night, often times screaming and crying for hours on end.The nanny put the family to the test with her strategies to reclaim order in the home. First, she brings up two points from her nanny book. The first, which is aimed at Christopher’s nighttime sleeping patterns, has a solution of giving the boy more independence as he is getting off to bed. The dad would wait at the door for 5 minutes instead of lying next to Christopher in bed. This was a sort of weaning off strategy that eventually paid off. Next, the issue with Ryan and his mother nagging him, and he retorting with immaturity. The mother was to stop â€Å"nitpicking† and start positive acknowledgement of the boy’s achievements.This helped create a friendlier relationship between Ryan and his mother, as he began easing up off of the immature badgering and bantering that he had previously been involved with. The type of conditioning displayed in this video segment was of course operant conditioning. The boys were being conditioned by their father in the wrestling and sleeping patterns, and by their mother in the nagging and smart replies back segments. All the conditioning was ultimately resolved when the nanny broke the cycle of the parents setting bad influences on their children. The children followed suit and began to obey their parent’s requests.The reinforcements displayed were positive reinforcement for the boys with their baseball chart, a cha rt displaying good behaviors represented by a baseball for each good act. This chart is a positive reinforcement because it gave the children their freedom to enjoy their privileges as opposed to losing them. The father displayed Bandora’s â€Å"Bobo Doll† behavior by wrestling with the boys. When someone gets hurt, the father entitles the hurt boy to hit the other with a â€Å"free shot†. This behavior caused the boys to associate hitting with a form of handling situations.This caused more fighting and issues controlling the boys further. The law of frequency was seen here with Ryan reacting to his mother’s comments on what the boys did wrong. Every time she said something, he would chime in, thus escalating the situation. His mother then would punish Ryan for his talking back, which helped to illustrate a discrimitive stimuli example. Overall, the work of the nanny helped to offer a peace and balance to the family with their problems and going forward t he parents now know what to do with their behaviors and ultimately will lead to a much happier and healthier home.

New Step by Step Roadmap for Interesting College Essay Topics

New Step by Step Roadmap for Interesting College Essay Topics The War Against Interesting College Essay Topics You're able to write a very simple essay on the proper age to vote or appropriate age to be in a position to purchase alcohol. Your task is going to be to decide whether classes on sex education can decrease pregnancy among teenagers. It is suggested to look for the one which has a superior reputation and offers high-quality papers at very affordable prices. Most students increase their degree of test anxiety since they feel unsure that they've studied everything. You need a positive attitude and expectation which you will earn a great grade. When you're writing about yourself, be sure to include words that explain the emotions you're feeling at several regions of the story. 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Finding The Link Between Processed Foods And The Causes Of...

LaKisha Brown English 120 Research Paper Spring 2016 Finding the Link between processed foods and the causes of Adult and Childhood Obesity Many families today face a pandemic as the prevalence of childhood obesity has more than doubled since the 1970s. There is a growing number of healthcare professionals who believe this increase is due to the lack of physical activity, energy dense and additive rich foods and over-consumption. Food is essential to what we need to live. The nutrients we get from food keeps us alive and well. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has reported that over 25 million people in America have been diagnosed with diabetes. Of that number, 215,000 are children and 69% are overweight and obese.†¦show more content†¦We begin to feel guilty as we now see this epidemic is now effecting or has spread to pre-school aged children. No ethic group has been spared. All races, socioeconomic strata are seeing a rise in obesity numbers. This is a true public health emergency. To start, let’s define the term â€Å"obesity†. The most obvious definition is â€Å"excessive body fat†. Author J. Clinton states in, Understanding Childhood Obesity, the ideal method of defining obesity from a medical perspective would be to match a child’s or young adult’s weight with the undesirable outcomes-such as heart attacks-experienced by the person later on in life (Clinton 118). Some scientist say the number of health problems due to obesity are relatively small when compared to other chronic conditions such as asthma (Clinton 24). There are many that would argue that it is not a small problem and it should not be devalued especially when study after study shows that the obesity numbers in adults and youth steadily are rising year over year. In fact, those numbers have tripled in adolescents in the past 30yrs and many are concerned about the effects of processed food on a child’s overall health. Why does there seem to be a connection between processed foods and the obesity epidemic? We know that the human body uses food to produce energy and uses the types of food we consume to determine how the energy gets used. When you consume foods like

Effect of Internal Controls on Financial Performance

CHAPTER ONE 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the study Over the past decade, Africa and other developing regions have been in the midst of tremendous changes. Market liberalization and governmental decentralization policies have interfaced with globalization and urbanization trends to dramatically transform social, political, economic and cultural lives. In this context of rapid change, SME operations can no longer remain behind serving only to meet sustenance income for their owners. SMEs engagements have to become a dynamic and integral part of the market economy. The identification of factors that determine new venture performance such as survival, growth or profitability has been one of the†¦show more content†¦The dynamic role of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in developing countries as engines through which the growth objectives of developing countries can be achieved has long been recognized. The growth of small scale businesses in Ghana so rapid, that it is now seen as a daily affair. Many Potential owners of SMEs move to areas where the feel they can succeed to set them up there. More so, many factors may contribute to the movement of people to settle at certain geographical areas. It is believed that the factors that influence migration include the need for peaceful and violent free environment, the need for fertile business locations, the desire for privacy, government policy and a host of others. Specifically, with reference to the above, the Medina municipality of the Greater Accra region has experienced a noticeable growth and increase in the number movements into the area and for that matter SMEs increase in the last few years. It is important to mention that some research studies have been conducted to determine the real impact of migrations on host societies. In line with the above, this study sorts to assess the nature of SMEs in Medina with respect to the involvement of men and women, the main sources funds for them, the main objectives and challenges faced by SMEs in Medina, reasons the explosion of SMEs in Medina and the scio-economic impacts of this growth of SMEs in Medina. 1.3 Objectives: 1.3.1 Main Objective TheShow MoreRelatedEffects Of Internal Audit Practices On Financial Performance Of Commercial Banks1689 Words   |  7 Pages EFFECTS OF INTERNAL AUDIT PRACTICES ON FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE OF COMMERCIAL BANKS IN KENYA (A CASE STUDY OF KENYA COMMERCIAL BANK) GIDALI MUHINDI FRANKLINE A Research Proposal in Partial Fulfillment for the Bachelor of Business Administration of the Technical University of Mombasa 2016 DECLARATION I declare that this research proposal is my original work and has not been presented for a degree award in any other university. 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Film Analysis Free Essays

Film Analysis Assignment When first reading about this assignment I thought about movies that had a strong culture theme to it. I didn’t want to choose a movie that I’ve only seen once, only because I wanted to be sure of its cultural theme and I also wanted to be sure that I knew exactly what the movie was about and everything that happens in it. The movie that I decided to write about is Mulan. We will write a custom essay sample on Film Analysis or any similar topic only for you Order Now It is very clear that the context of this movie provides us with the information that the film takes place in the ancient times in China. We know this because in the opening scene it shows a Chinese soldier standing on The Great Wall of China. Also the clothing that they were is often affiliated with the Chinese culture so we can tell from this context where the movie takes place. Also a few times in the movie it shows the Chinese language written on certain things. I believe that the context of this film affects the communication between characters for a few reasons. One reason is whenever people greet each other, especially someone important, they would bow to them. Another way the context affects communication is that the characters talk to their elders so properly and respectfully. One of the main social identities in this film was the one that Mulan held. Since Mulan was pretending to be a man so she would be able to fight in the war, she definitely had to fit in with those among her. She had to talk like they did, walk like they did, participate in the things that she did. She did this so she would not blow her cover and be caught. The obvious culture identify in this movie is that they are all Chinese. We can tell this because of how they are dressed, their surroundings as well as their facial structure. One of the huge ways one of the characters helped us understand her perspective was when Mulan sang the song â€Å"Refection†. In this song Mulan is talking about how she doesn’t feel like she is good enough and that if she were to act how she really is she would break her family’s heart. She thinks that her reflection is someone she doesn’t know. With her singing this song we are able to truly see what Mulan thinks of herself and it helps us understand her more. The relationship between her identity and the context of the movie is pretty understandable. The context in the movie shows us the true identity of who Mulan really is. There is a major change in Mulan’s identity by the end of the movie. Throughout the movie Mulan is trying to prove to everyone that she will bring her family honor. At the end of the movie she ends up getting to take home the Emperors Imperial crest along with Shan Yu’s sword. The history in this movie greatly affects the characters standpoints. As we all know, Mulan takes place during the ancient dynasty days in China. So many details throughout this movie give that away. But the one of the many ways that history affects the standpoints of the characters in this movie is how they train as well as travel for their battle to fight against the Huns. With it being ancient days the soldiers’ are trained to fight with their hands, they are taught ty kwon doe and how to use a bow and arrow. If this movie had taken place in the 21st century, the soldiers’ would be trained how to shoot guns. This right here shows you that history greatly affects the characters. If Disney had decided to place the movie in present days the climax fight scene would be completely different. The perceptions of history in this movie can teach you many things. There are just so many little details that show you the films history. There’s a scene in the movie where the General has sent a letter to the training camp and we can see its history because Mushu writes the General back with pen and ink. Near the end of the movie the soldiers’ that fought in the battle parade through the city on horses and they have the traditional clothing from that time on as well. One of the main relationships between history and one of the main characters (Shang) is that he is now the leader of the army. Since he is now the leader he has to train the men how they were taught for battle back in those days. There was only one language used in this film, which was English. But there were many different communication styles used in the film. Since Mulan is portraying a man for most of the movie her communication style is very different from the others. She tries to make her voice sound like a man and say things she thinks they would say. At a few points in the movie she forgets to talk in a manly voice, but surprisingly does not give her cover away. There weren’t many uses on nonverbal communication/codes throughout the movie. I can honestly only think of a few things. In the opening scene when Shan Yu appears over The Wall, the Chinese soldier lights a big torch and says â€Å"Now all of China knows you’re here,† Also the cricket, who plays on of the sidekicks of Mulan is silent throughout the whole film. But through his gestures, as well as Mushu being able to know what he’s saying, helps the audience understand the cricket. There are a few main beliefs and values that are reveled throughout this film. In the begging of the movie we see Mulan’s father praying to their families ancestors. The ancestors are of great importance to her family. They believe that the ancestors will bring Mulan protecting with helping her fight in the battle. They also have a high value in their families honor. The littlest things that someone could do would bring their family so many dishonors. There is a scene in the movie where Mulan is to meet with the Match Maker so she can help find Mulan a husband. But through many clumsy mistakes the Match Maker is furious and tells Mulan that she will never bring her family honor. When her parents and grandmother hear of the news they are greatly disappointed in her. That is one of the main reasons she goes off to fight in the war. Doing this Mulan believes that she will be able to bring her family honor. There are a plenty of issues of power and hierarchy that are used in this film. At one point in the movie there are a few men sent in from the imperial city to give the town a message. The Emperor has ordered one man from every family must serve in the imperial army. This clearly shows just how powerful the Emperor is and how he can change a family so fast. There is also a scene in the movie where Shang (left in charge by his father General Li) has power over everything that goes on in the camp. There are some men fighting after dinner and as soon as he walks in the men immediately stop and salute him. There is also a scene when Shang is not thrilled with how Ping (Mulan) is training. He wants to â€Å"make a man out of her† but she just isn’t meeting his expectations. He tells her that in the morning she has to go back home. These two examples show how powerful he is over the men in the army. How to cite Film Analysis, Papers

Tourism Proposal Plan Macau

Question Prepare a tourism proposal report outlining key trends and characteristics in international tourism and to suggest ways in which the destination can use tourism sustainably in the future. The report should detail: Brief information about the current tourism situation of the destination; A discussion of the impact of tourism for the destinations development; The restrictions imposed for future development; The sustainable opportunities available; How the role of technology may assist in the strategic development; Answer: Executive Summary This paper focuses on developing a tourism plan for Macau. Presently, Macau is one of the top global tourist destinations and the popularity of the place is increasing. An overview of the tourism industry has been provided in this paper. The tourism industry of Macau has been significantly influencing the economy of the region. It has created various job opportunities and the contributed in the development of the destination. However, the tourism industry of Macau has been encountering some major cultural, social and environmental challenges. This paper has elaborated the challenges as well as developed a tourism plan for achieving sustainable growth in long run. Brief Overview of the Present Tourism Situation in Macau Tourist Attractions Macau is one of the most popular global tourist destinations. It is situated on the west bank of the delta of Pearl River in the southern part of the Guangdong province of China. Macau is comprised of three islands, viz. Coloane Island, Taipa and Macau Penisula. The world heritage of Macau is one of the important attractions for the international tourists. More than twenty ancient monuments and urban squares are interwoven in Macau which is collectively known as The Historic Centre of Macau. In 2005, the district has been enlisted in the World Heritage List. Western and eastern culture has been integrated in Macau which is explored by the tourists (Stsmacau.com, 2015). Lilau Square, A-ma temple Moorish Barracks, St. Lawrence Church, St. Augustines Square and Mandarins House are major tourist attractions. Visiting the exquisite museums of Macau delivers outstanding experience to the tourists. Macau museum is a cultural and historical museum. Moreover, the principal tourist attractions include Wine Museum, Macau Museum of Art, Maritime museum, Grand Prix Museum etc. A-MA cultural village, Lotus square, Arts garden is few of the major spots of Macau (En.macautourism.gov.mo, 2015). Gaming Industry The Gaming industry of Macau is booming and large number of tourists is engaged into the gambling activities in Macau. Betting on horses at race course, playing slots in casinos are the most common gambling games in Macau. It has been observed that the government of Macau has been relaxing the legislations related to the gaming industry in order to keep pace with the dynamic perception of the travelers. Presently, Macau has turned into one of the most popular gambling destinations and has been able to attract more number of tourists than Las Vegas. The casino owners of the Las Vegas have established Casinos in Macao which has significantly contributed in boosting the tourism sector of Macau (Stsmacau.com, 2015). Moreover, Greyhound racing, Tombola, Pacapio, Basketball Lottery and Soccer Lottery etc. are also popular games in Macau (En.macautourism.gov.mo, 2015). Business Tourism MACAU is one of the most exciting and appealing business tourism destinations of Asia. The destination has undergone a rapid and excellent development in terms of infrastructure. Though the size of the city is quite small, the city is the largest entirely integrated convention and exhibition centre of Asia. The city also includes various world heritages a well as has most spectacular skylines. The city is a great blend of tradition and modernity which is reflected in the activities, festivals, lifestyle, food and architectures of the city. Macau has significantly differentiated its offerings to business tourists and incentive explorers for providing extravagant hotels, resorts, ethnic restaurants, designer shopping and numerous all the more eating and excitement alternatives. Macau is an excellent destination for the great achievers who needs to get pampered in the luxurious resorts and entertained or holding programs for developing teams (Industry.macautourism.gov.mo, 2015). Discussion of Impact of Tourism on Development of Destination Impact on Economy Tourism industry plays a pivotal role in the economy of Macau. This industry has been rapidly growing and boosting the economic activities of the destination. Extreme advancement off the tourism industry in Macau has significant socio-economic impacts leading to the further development of the region. As, it is a global tourist destination, tourism industry has generated significant foreign exchange earnings which has a positive impact on the balance of payments of the economy. Increasing economic activities have significantly contributed in the regional development and improved the income levels of the local population. The tourism sector of Macau has provided ample employment opportunities to the local people. In 2011 tourism industry of Macau was responsible for creation of 162,500 jobs and it accounted for almost 48% of the total jobs in Macau (Wan Li, 2011). The major source of government revenue in Macau is collected from the tourism industry. The government of Macau has focuse d on facilitating diversified development and integration of the several components of the tourism industry. The government of Macau is concentrating on transforming Macau into a premium global tourist destination and a unique destination for leisure, entertainment as well as business exhibitions and convention hub of Asia (Wan Li, 2011). Additionally, the government has given extensive emphasize on the sustainability issue. Facts and Figures 7.4 million Tourists visited Macau within September of 2014. It was estimated that the in 2013 number of visitors increased by 4.4% compared to the previous years (www.gcs.gov.mo, 2014). The tourism industry of Macau has been able to maintain significant growth over the years. The major countries from which tourists visit Macau the most are given in the following table: Country/Territories Number of Visitors Ratio The mainland 18,632,207 63.5% Hong Kong 6,766,044 23.1% Taiwan 1,001,189 3.4% South Korea 474,269 1.6% Malaysia 291,136 1.0% Japan 290,622 1.0% The Philippines 274,103 0.9% Thailand 238,635 0.8% Indonesia 208,481 0.7% Singapore 189,751 0.6% (Source: (www.gcs.gov.mo, 2014)) Hotel and Travel Agency The tourism industry growth in Macau has significantly contributed in the growth of the hotel and travel agencies. It was estimated that almost 896,726 residents had chosen travel agent services for visiting the city. The figures have increased by 4.1% compared to the previous year. In 2013, it was estimated that Macau has sixty-nine star rated hotels and 33 guesthouses (www.gcs.gov.mo, 2014). The following table demonstrates number of start rated hotels and guesthouses along with the room numbers. (Source: (www.gcs.gov.mo, 2014)) Challenges in Tourism Industry of Macau One of the major challenges encountered by the tourism industry of Macau is the problems in cultural tourism. The major difficulty is to deal with the stakeholders in order to cope up with the set of values and interest which takes place in association with heritage (Jovicic, 2014). It is reliant upon the perspective of the stakeholders regarding the heritage assets in Macau (Simo Partidrio, 2010). It has been observed that the electricity consumption of Macau has increased significantly. In, the electricity consumption of Macau has increased by more than double in comparison to electricity consumption of 2000. The increasing number of luxurious hotels and casinos is responsible for the enhanced electricity consumption (Harris et al., 2008). Another major challenge encountered by the tourism industry of Macau is the increasing level of pollution. The region has been facing consecutive rise in the pollution level. With the increase in number of visitors, vehicle density has increased. As a consequence, large number of people is dying due to respiratory related diseases. Emission of the hazardous gases is significantly affecting the environment and well being of the society. Additionally, it has been reported that the total waste of Macau has been enhancing in Macau. The total liquid and solid waste of Macau is growing and affecting the environment. Moreover, it is exerting excessive pressure on the waste handling capacity of Macau. The liquid waste in Macau is causing water pollution to the nearby sea (Radwan, Jones Minoli, 2012). It has been found that in 2011, number of visitors in Macau was five times more than its residents. Hence, it can be clearly implied that the tourism industry is significantly contributing to t he environmental issues of Macau. High level of pollution is threatening factor for the sustainable tourism in Macau. Tourism industry has significantly affected the socio-cultural aspects of Macau. The government of Macau has focused on the growth of tourism industry which has leaded to increase in number of hotels, resorts and casinos (Wan Pinheiro, 2014). As a result, public land is becoming increasingly unavailable as well as expensive. Gaming industry of Macau, considered being one of the major attractions for the tourists. Flourishing gaming industry of Macau has significantly affected the young generation of Macau and consequently it has been found that the gaming industry the school dropout rate in the secondary level has notably increased. The major reason is casinos and other gaming industries provide job opportunities to the people with lower educational qualification. The alarming rate of the school dropout in Macau is lowering the human resource potential and threatening further growth of Macau (Wan Pinheiro, 2014). Additionally, it has been found that tourism industry of Macau has a correlation with the crime rate. Mass tourism has leaded to an increase in the crime rate in Macau. It has been estimated that crime rate was 10,538 in 2005 and 13,864 in 2008. Macau has been a major destination for the gamblers and crime related gambling has been growing in Macau (Wan Pinheiro, 2014). As number of tourists is greater proportion in comparison to the residents it can be stated that the crime rate is growing due to the growing number of tourist arrival in Macau. Sustainable Tourism Planning for Macau Sustainable tourism will help in protecting the environment and heritage of the tourist region. The environment considers the ecosystem and the culture uniqueness of that place. On the other hand, heritage embraces the natural or indigenous as well as historical inheritance of that place. The tourism industry of Macau must focus on recognizing the assets of the mainstream as well as niche tourism product (Timothy, 2014). Sustainable tourism can be developed by educating the tourists regarding the values of cultural and natural heritage of the destination. This section will focus on developing a plan for sustainable tourism (Xi Wei, 2010). First of all, government of Macau must have the motivation and determination for adopting a systematic approach for implementing the sustainable tourism plan. The sustainable tourism plan will assist in recognizing as well as protecting the values of the natural and cultural destinations of Macau for enhancing the tourism product development and en suring effective management of those places in long term. Sustainable development will focus on addressing the economic, environmental as well as social issues in Macau(Timur Getz, 2009). The government of Macau needs to focus on achieving the triple bottom line in order to ensure sustainable growth of the tourism industry in Macau. Aims of Sustainable Tourism Plan The major aims of the sustainable tourism plan of Macau can be categorized in terms of economic, social, and environmental objectives. Achievement of the following objectives will contribute in improving tourists satisfaction. The objectives of each segment are discussed below: Economic Objectives: Increase in government revenue by increasing sustainable tourism activity for boosting up the economy of the region. Increase in employment opportunities for long run which will improve the disposable income and standard of living of the local communities. Rise in the disposable income of household of residents of Macau will help in enhancing the society and establish good health care system and education sector. Economic diversification and decreasing over-dependence on tourism (Xi Wei, 2010). Social Objectives: Improvement of the infrastructure will promote well being of the society. Increasing the level of education of the local residents for generating qualified human resource for boosting the economy. Controlling excessive traffic congestion. Controlling the crime rate and gambling issues (Timothy, 2014). Environmental Objectives: Reducing electricity consumption. Increasing awareness for protecting natural and cultural heritage. Initiatives for increasing green area. Proper management of waste Reducing the level of pollution (Wan Pinheiro, 2014). Sustainable Plan Economic In order to achieve the economic objectives, government intervention is essential. Development of strong legislative framework must be developed as well as implemented in order to increase the government revenue. Taxation policy must be effective so that illegal transactions do not take place which can lower the government revenue (Wan Pinheiro, 2014). Additionally over-independence on the tourism industry must be changed through economic diversification (Jovicic, 2014). Some service industries and later manufacturing industry can be established in Macau. The focus must be shifted to other industries from the gaming industry in Macau. Shortage of skilled workforce will be a major problem in implementation of this strategy(Timur Getz, 2009). Hence, the government needs to start skill development programs and focus on developing the education sector in order to ensure supply of skilled human resource. Social Social objectives significantly emphasizes on the development of infrastructure which includes development or roads for improving connectivity. For example, government can focus on improving Hong Kong Zhuhai-Macro Bridge (HZMB) and Light Rail Transit (LRT). The government needs to invest significant amount for the social welfare of the local residents. In order to minimize the rate of school dropout, people must be made aware of the importance of education. Scholarship can be offered to the students with severe financial problems. It will encourage the society to opt for higher education (Timothy, 2014). Restrictions must be imposed on gambling so that teenagers and young adults do not get engaged into these practices. Improved education system will help in addressing the issues regarding gambling and crime related to that. Sturdy legislative framework needs to be implemented for punishing the criminal offenders in Macau (Wan Li, 2011). Environmental Environmental issues are increasingly threatening the sustainability of the destination. In the government budget, allocation of resources for activities related to the protection of the environment must be increased (Marin Jafari, 2002). The capital must be utilized for developing green areas and protecting the natural resources (Kasim, 2009). License and permits for casinos and other gaming industries must be restricted. Increasing number of vehicles is leading to traffic congestion and emission of the hazardous gases polluting the air. Hence, government must ban vehicles causing air pollution. Additionally, community participation will play a crucial role in successful implementation of this strategy (Marzuki, Hay James, 2012). Electricity consumption needs to be reduced by use of energy efficient tools and gadgets. Additionally, use of alternative sources of energy must be encouraged especially in hotels and casinos. Waste management is considered to be a major issue in Macau a nd it can be addressed by adoption of advanced technology for handling waste so that it cannot pollute the air and water. The tourism industry must be forced for using bio-degradable and eco-friendly materials (Wan Pinheiro, 2014). Thus, Macau will be able to transform itself into a sustainable global tourism destination. Increasing awareness regarding the sustainable tourism has influenced the decision of the tourists. Hence, sustainable tourism industry will satisfy the tourists and boost the economy and contribute in the overall development of the tourist region. Role of Technology in Strategic Development Technology plays a significant role in achieving sustainability in the tourism industry. Innovation of new technologies is essential for reducing the electricity consumption in the global tourist destination. Additionally, for controlling as well as monitoring the emission form vehicles and other sources technology plays an important role. Adoption of advanced technology can contribute in enhancing the mechanism of waste management. Thus, the water and air will be protected from pollution (Pechlaner Raich, 2001). Technology is essential for developing infrastructure for better communication, better service to the tourists and improving the education sector of Macau. Conclusion and Recommendations This paper has provided an insight to the major industry of Macau, tourism. It has been found that the Macau is extensively dependent on the tourism industry. It has been observed that the tourism industry has been encountering significant growth. But the destination has been encountering major challenges. Over dependence on the tourism industry and the gaming industry is affecting the tourism development of Macau. Growth of tourism industry has resulted in the high electricity consumption, air pollution, low education rate, increasing level of crime and gambling related crime etc. A sustainability plan has been developed for addressing the environmental, social and economical issues. Implementation of the plan will help in improving the sustainability and ensure further growth of the tourist region. The recommendations of this paper include the following: Focusing on economic diversification which will boost up the economy of the region. Improvement in infrastructure and education sector. Development of the human resource for generating skilled workforce. Controlling crimes effectively. Decrease in electricity and water consumption. Controlling traffic congestion and improving waste management. Reduction in level of pollution. References En.macautourism.gov.mo,. (2015).Macau Government Tourist Office. Retrieved 10 January 2015, from https://en.macautourism.gov.mo/showentertainment/showentertainment.php?c=6 Harris, J., Diamond, R., Iyer, M., Payne, C., Blumstein, C., Siderius, H. (2008). Towards a sustainable energy balance: progressive efficiency and the return of energy conservation.Energy Efficiency,1(3), 175-188. doi:10.1007/s12053-008-9011-0 Industry.macautourism.gov.mo,. (2015).Macau Tourism Industry Net - Macau Business Tourism Introduction. Retrieved 12 January 2015, from https://industry.macautourism.gov.mo/en/page/content.php?page_id=68 Jovicic, D. (2014). Cultural tourism in the context of relations between mass and alternative tourism.Current Issues In Tourism, 1-8. doi:10.1080/13683500.2014.932759 Kasim, A. (2009). Managerial attitudes towards environmental management among small and medium hotels in Kuala Lumpur.Journal Of Sustainable Tourism,17(6), 709-725. doi:10.1080/09669580902928468 Marin, C., Jafari, J. (2002). Sustainable Hotels for Sustainable Destinations.Annals Of Tourism Research,29(1), 266-268. doi:10.1016/s0160-7383(01)00023-8 Marzuki, A., Hay, I., James, J. (2012). Public participation shortcomings in tourism planning: the case of the Langkawi Islands, Malaysia.Journal Of Sustainable Tourism,20(4), 585-602. doi:10.1080/09669582.2011.638384 Pechlaner, H., Raich, M. (2001). The Role of Information Technology in the Information Process for Cultural Products and Services in Tourism Destinations.Information Technology Tourism,4(2), 91-106. doi:10.3727/109830501108750912 Radwan, H., Jones, E., Minoli, D. (2012). Solid waste management in small hotels: a comparison of green and non-green small hotels in Wales.Journal Of Sustainable Tourism,20(4), 533-550. doi:10.1080/09669582.2011.621539 Simo, J., Partidrio, M. (2010). How Does Tourism Planning Contribute to Sustainable Development?.Sust. Dev.,20(6), 372-385. doi:10.1002/sd.495 Stsmacau.com,. (2015).Tourism in Macau: Why visit Macau?. Retrieved 10 January 2015, from https://www.stsmacau.com/ Timothy, D. (2014). Contemporary Cultural Heritage and Tourism: Development Issues and Emerging Trends.Public Archaeol.,13(1-3), 30-47. doi:10.1179/1465518714z.00000000052 Timur, S., Getz, D. (2009). Sustainable tourism development: how do destination stakeholders perceive sustainable urban tourism?.Sust. Dev.,17(4), 220-232. doi:10.1002/sd.384 Wan, P., Pinheiro, F. (2014). Macau's Tourism Planning Approach and Its Shortcomings: A Case Study.International Journal Of Hospitality Tourism Administration,15(1), 78-102. doi:10.1080/15256480.2014.872901 Wan, Y., Li, X. (2011). Sustainability of Tourism Development in Macao, China.International Journal Of Tourism Research,15(1), 52-65. doi:10.1002/jtr.873 www.gcs.gov.mo,. (2014).Tourism. Retrieved 12 January 2015, from https://www.gcs.gov.mo/files/factsheet/Tourismo_EN.pdf Xi, L., Wei, C. (2010). The Way to the Diversification of Macaus Social Economy: a Study on Macaus Cultural Tourism Development.International Journal Of Trade, Economics And Finance,1(2), 131-135. doi:10.7763/ijtef.2010.v1.23